La gesta de Beowulf
Copiado del libro "Literatura germánicas medievales" Jorge Luis Borges. (Alianza edit. EMECE)
1.That is, "The Hart," or "Stag," so called from decorations in the gables that resembled the antlers of a deer. This hall has been carefully described in a pamphlet by Heyne. The building was rectangular, with opposite doors -- mainly west and east -- and a hearth in the middle of the single room. A row of pillars down each side, at some distance from the walls, made a space which was raised a little above the main floor, and was furnished with two rows of seats. On one side, usually south, was the high-seat midway between the doors. Opposite this, on the other raised space, was another seat of honor. At the banquet soon to be described, Hrothgar sat in the south or chief high-seat, and Beowulf oppo- site to him. The scene for a flying ... was thus very effectively set. Planks on trestles -- the "board" of later English litera- ture -- formed the tables just in front of the long rows of seats, and were taken away after banquets, when the retainers were ready to stretch them- selves out for sleep on the benches.
footnote 1
2.Fire was the usual end of these halls. See v. 781 below. One thinks of the splendid scene at the end of the Nibelungen, of the Nialssaga, of Saxo's story of Amlethus, and many a less famous instance.
footnote 2
3.It is to be supposed that all hearers of this poem knew how Hrothgar's hall was burnt, -- perhaps in the unsuccessful attack made on him by his son-in-law Ingeld.
footnote 3
4.A skilled minstrel. The Danes are heathens, as one is told presently; but this lay of beginnings is taken from Genesis.
footnote 4
5.A disturber of the border, one who sallies from his haunt in the fen and roams over the country near by. This probably pagan nuisance is now furnished with biblical credentials as a fiend or devil in good standing, so that all Christian Englishmen might read about him. "Grendel" may mean one who grinds and crushes.
footnote 5
6.Cain's.
footnote 6
7.Giants.
Copiado del libro "Literatura germánicas medievales" Jorge Luis Borges. (Alianza edit. EMECE)
Compuesta en el siglo VIII de nuestra era, la Gesta de Beowulf es el monumento épico más antiguo de las literaturas germánicas. Fue descubierto en 1705 y registrado en un catálogo de manuscritos anglosajones como epopeya de las guerras entre daneses y suecos. Esta definición errónea se debe a las dificultades del lenguaje poético; a principios del siglo XVIII había en Inglaterra eruditos capaces de comprender la prosa anglosajona, pero no de descifrar un poema, escrito en el lenguaje artificial que ya hemos considerado. Atraído por la mención del catálago, un erudito danés, Thorkelín, fue a Inglaterra en 1786 para copiar el manuscrito. Veintiún años consagró a estudiarlo, a transcribirlo y a prepararlo, con una traducción latina, para la imprenta. En 1807, la escuadra inglesa atacó a Copenhague, incendió la casa de Thorkelín y destruyó el piadoso fruto de tantos años y de tantos afanes. Encarnada en hombres violentos, en hombres más afines a Beowulf que al editor de Beowulf, la pasión patriotiótica que había llevado a aquél a Inglaterra se volvía contra él y aniquilaba su trabajo. Thorkelín se sobrepuso a esa desventura y publicó en 1815 la edición príncipe de Beowulf. Esta edición, ahora, casi no tiene otro valor que el de una curiosidad literaria. Otro danés, el pastor Grundtvig, publicó en 1820 una nueva versión del poema. No había entonces diccionarios de anglosajón, no había gramática; Grundtvig lo aprendió a la luz de obras en prosa y del mismo Beowulf. Corrigió el texto publicado por Thorkelín y sugirió enmiendas que fueron confirmadas, después, por el manuscrito original que no llegó a ver, y que provocaron, naturalmente, la ira del viejo editor. Posteriormente han aparecido muchas versiones alemanas e inglesas; de éstas son dignas de mención las de Clark Hall y Earle en prosa y la de William Morris en verso.
Excluidos algunos episodios secundarios, la Gesta de Beowulf consta de dos partes, que pueden resumirse como sigue:
Beowulf, príncipe del linaje de los geatas, nación del sur de Suecia que algunos han identificado con los jutos y otros con los godos, llega con su gente a la corte de Hrothgar, que reina en Dinamarca. Hace doce años -doce inviernos, dice el poema- que un demonio de las ciénagas, Grendel, de forma gigantesca y humana, penetra durante las noches oscuras en la sala del rey para matar y devorar a los guerreros. Grendel es de la raza de Caín. Por obra de un encantamiento, es invulnerable a las armas. Beowulf, que en su puño tiene la fuerza de treinta hombres, promete darle muerte y lo espera, desarmado y desnudo, en la oscuridad. Los guerreros duermen; Grendel hace pedazos a uno de ellos, lo devora, huesos y todo, y bebe a grandes tragos la sangre, pero cuando quiere atacar a Beowulf, éste le agarra el brazo y no se lo suelta. Luchan, Beowulf le arranca el brazo, Grendel huye gritando a su ciénaga. Huye para morir; la enorme mano, el brazo y el hombro quedan como trofeo. Esa noche se festeja la victoria, pero la madre de Grendel - "loba de mar, mujer del mar, loba del fondo del mar"- penetra en la sala, mata a un amigo de Hrothgar y se lleva el brazo del hijo. Beowulf sigue por desfiladeros y páramos el rastro de la sangre; al fin llega a la ciénaga. En el agua estancada hay sangre caliente y serpientes y la cabeza del guerrero. Beowulf, armado, se arroja a la ciénaga y nada buena parte del día antes de tocar fondo. Enuna cámara submarina, sin agua y con una luz inexplicable, Beowulf combate con la bruja, la decapita con una espada monumental que pende del muro y luego decapita el cuerpo de Grendel. La sangre de Grendel quema la hoja de la espada; Beowulf resurge, al fin, de la ciénaga con la empuñadura y con la cabeza. Cuatro hombres llevan la pesada cabeza a la sala real. Así concluye la primera parte del poema.
La segunda ocurre cincuenta años después. Beowulf es rey de los geatas; en su historia entra un dragón que merodea en las noches oscuras. Hace tres siglos que el dragón es guardián de un tesoro; un esclavo fugitivo se esconde en su caverna y se lleva un jarro de oro. El dragón se despierta, nota el robo y resuelve matar al ladrón; a ratos, baja a la caverna y la revisa bien (Curiosa invención del poeta atribuir al azorado dragón esa inseguridad tan humana.) El dragón empieza a desolar el reino. El viejo rey va a su caverna. Ambos combaten duramente. Beowulf mata al dragón y muere envenenado por una morderdura del monstruo. Lo entierran; doce guerreros cabalgan alrededor del túmulo "y deploran su muerte, lloran al rey, repiten su elegía y celebran su nombre". Estos versos del Beowulf han sido comparados con el último verso de la Iliada:
Celebraon así los funerales de Héctor, domador de caballos.
A juzgar por el Beowulf, las ceremonias funerarias de los germanos coincidían con la de los hunos. Gibbon, en su Historia de la declinación y caída del Imperio Romano, describe de este modo las exequías de Atíla:
Alrededor del cuerpo de su rey, cabalgaron los escuadrones, cantando una canción funeraria en memoria del héroe; glorioso en el decurso de su vida, invencible en su muerte,padre de su pueblo, azote de sus enemigos y terror del orbe.
Otro rito funerario figura en el Beowulf; el cadáver de un rey de Dinamarca es confiado a una nave que luego entregan al "poder del océano". Agrega el texto:
Nadie, ni siquiera hablan en las asambleas, ni los héroes bajo los cielos, puede declarar con verdad quién recibió esa carga.
El germanista inglés W.P. Ker cuenta en la obra Epic and Romance que Aristóteles redujo a pocas líneas los veinticuatro libors de la Odisea y observa que basta reducir a esa escala la Gesta de Beowulf para que sean evidentes sus vicios de estructura. Ker propone este resumen irónico:
Un hombre en busca de trabajo llega a casa de un rey a quien molestan las arpías y, tras de ejecutar la purificación de esa casa, vuelve con honor a su hogar. Años después, el hombre llega a rey en su tierra y mata un dragón, pero muere por obra de su veneno. Su pueblo lo llora y le da sepultura.
Beowulf Prelude Of the founder of the Danish house
Prelude.
LO, praise of the prowess of people-kingsof spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes, from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls. Since erst he layfriendless, a foundling, fate repaid him: for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve, till before him the folk, both far and near, who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate, gave him gifts: a good king he! To him an heir was afterward born, a son in his halls, whom heaven sentto favor the folk, feeling their woethat erst they had lacked an earl for leader so long a while; the Lord endowed him, the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown. Famed was this Beowulf: [footnote 1] far flew the boast of him,son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands. So becomes it a youth to quit him well with his father's friends, by fee and gift, that to aid him, aged, in after days, come warriors willing, should war draw nigh, liegemen loyal: by lauded deeds shall an earl have honor in every clan. Forth he fared at the fated moment, sturdy Scyld to the shelter of God. Then they bore him over to ocean's billow, loving clansmen, as late he charged them, while wielded words the winsome Scyld, the leader beloved who long had ruled.... In the roadstead rocked a ring-dight vessel, ice-flecked, outbound, atheling's barge: there laid they down their darling lordon the breast of the boat, the breaker-of-rings, [footnote 2] by the mast the mighty one. Many a treasurefetched from far was freighted with him. No ship have I known so nobly dightwith weapons of war and weeds of battle, with breastplate and blade: on his bosom laya heaped hoard that hence should gofar o'er the flood with him floating away. No less these loaded the lordly gifts, thanes' huge treasure, than those had done who in former time forth had sent him sole on the seas, a suckling child. High o'er his head they hoist the standard, a gold-wove banner; let billows take him, gave him to ocean. Grave were their spirits, mournful their mood. No man is ableto say in sooth, no son of the halls, no hero 'neath heaven, -- who harbored that freight!
Beowulf I
I.
Now Beowulf bode in the burg of the Scyldings,leader beloved, and long he ruledin fame with all folk, since his father had goneaway from the world, till awoke an heir,haughty Healfdene, who held through life,sage and sturdy, the Scyldings glad.Then, one after one, there woke to him,to the chieftain of clansmen, children four:Heorogar, then Hrothgar, then Halga brave;and I heard that -- was --'s queen,the Heathoscylfing's helpmate dear.To Hrothgar was given such glory of war,such honor of combat, that all his kinobeyed him gladly till great grew his bandof youthful comrades. It came in his mindto bid his henchmen a hall uprear,a master mead-house, mightier farthan ever was seen by the sons of earth,and within it, then, to old and younghe would all allot that the Lord had sent him,save only the land and the lives of his men.Wide, I heard, was the work commanded,for many a tribe this mid-earth round,to fashion the folkstead. It fell, as he ordered,in rapid achievement that ready it stood there,of halls the noblest: Heorot [footnote 1] he named itwhose message had might in many a land.Not reckless of promise, the rings he dealt,treasure at banquet: there towered the hall,high, gabled wide, the hot surge waitingof furious flame. [footnote 2] Nor far was that daywhen father and son-in-law stood in feudfor warfare and hatred that woke again. [footnote 3] With envy and anger an evil spiritendured the dole in his dark abode,that he heard each day the din of revelhigh in the hall: there harps rang out,clear song of the singer. He sang who knew [footnote 4] tales of the early time of man,how the Almighty made the earth,fairest fields enfolded by water,set, triumphant, sun and moonfor a light to lighten the land-dwellers,and braided bright the breast of earthwith limbs and leaves, made life for allof mortal beings that breathe and move.So lived the clansmen in cheer and revela winsome life, till one beganto fashion evils, that field of hell.Grendel this monster grim was called,march-riever [footnote 5] mighty, in moorland living,in fen and fastness; fief of the giantsthe hapless wight a while had keptsince the Creator his exile doomed.On kin of Cain was the killing avengedby sovran God for slaughtered Abel.Ill fared his feud, [footnote 6] and far was he driven,for the slaughter's sake, from sight of men.Of Cain awoke all that woful breed,Etins [footnote 7] and elves and evil-spirits,as well as the giants that warred with Godweary while: but their wage was paid them!
Footnotes.
1.Not, of course, Beowulf the Great, hero of the epic.
footnote 1
2.Kenning for king or chieftain of a comitatus: he breaks off gold from the spiral rings -- often worn on the arm -- and so rewards his followers.
footnote 1
2.Kenning for king or chieftain of a comitatus: he breaks off gold from the spiral rings -- often worn on the arm -- and so rewards his followers.
1.That is, "The Hart," or "Stag," so called from decorations in the gables that resembled the antlers of a deer. This hall has been carefully described in a pamphlet by Heyne. The building was rectangular, with opposite doors -- mainly west and east -- and a hearth in the middle of the single room. A row of pillars down each side, at some distance from the walls, made a space which was raised a little above the main floor, and was furnished with two rows of seats. On one side, usually south, was the high-seat midway between the doors. Opposite this, on the other raised space, was another seat of honor. At the banquet soon to be described, Hrothgar sat in the south or chief high-seat, and Beowulf oppo- site to him. The scene for a flying ... was thus very effectively set. Planks on trestles -- the "board" of later English litera- ture -- formed the tables just in front of the long rows of seats, and were taken away after banquets, when the retainers were ready to stretch them- selves out for sleep on the benches.
footnote 1
2.Fire was the usual end of these halls. See v. 781 below. One thinks of the splendid scene at the end of the Nibelungen, of the Nialssaga, of Saxo's story of Amlethus, and many a less famous instance.
footnote 2
3.It is to be supposed that all hearers of this poem knew how Hrothgar's hall was burnt, -- perhaps in the unsuccessful attack made on him by his son-in-law Ingeld.
footnote 3
4.A skilled minstrel. The Danes are heathens, as one is told presently; but this lay of beginnings is taken from Genesis.
footnote 4
5.A disturber of the border, one who sallies from his haunt in the fen and roams over the country near by. This probably pagan nuisance is now furnished with biblical credentials as a fiend or devil in good standing, so that all Christian Englishmen might read about him. "Grendel" may mean one who grinds and crushes.
footnote 5
6.Cain's.
footnote 6
7.Giants.
1 comentario:
Buena la fotito de Borges, al que le gustaba tanto el café con leche que decía que quería saber quién fue el gran hombre que lo descubrió. acá lo vemos degustando el afamado brebaje acompañado de unas crocantes croissants o como les decían en Perú: "cachitos de manteca". Hablando de cachitos, "Cachito" anda de visita por Guelyland en compañia de carlos Centella, Príncipe Dinosaurio y Fantasmagórico! UAJAjajaja!
P.D. conste que no me salgo del tema y comento su entrada, Usia.
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